I recently ran across a Time magazine article about South Korea's hagwon industry ("Kids, stop studying so hard!"). It even mentions my city of Ilsan by name.
In some ways, it's a pretty good introduction to the hagwon industry. It makes several points and observations that have been echoing around my skull in other contexts – most notably, it points out that other countries near the top of the achievement list in education, such as Finland, manage to do so without testing their children into submission.
But that connects to another point the article makes – that the hagwon system is, in fact, much older than Korea's modernization – there were private "cram schools" in a Confucian mold even in medieval Korea, to help the kids of low- and mid-level aristocrats enter the civil service.
But that connects to a point I've been thinking about that the article doesn't mention: in a Foucauldian sense, the hagwon system might be viewed as a sophisticated and highly successful means of social control (this blog post's title references the philospher's work that I obliquely [broken link! FIXME] have in mind). Perhaps forcing high proportions of the country's youth into perpetual states of anxiety and sleep deprivation not only achieves those remarkable and famous South Korean suicide rates, but also guarantees a sort of social quietude that is the envy of many other countries. I'm speaking a little bit tongue-in-cheek, of course.